The Age of Artificial Intelligence: Innovation, Big Tech and Global Competition

There is a near-unanimous consensus that we are currently witnessing a pivotal era of technological evolution, driven by rapid advances in both software (e.g. neural networks and deep learning) and hardware (e.g. semiconductors and cloud computing). These innovations are, in turn, fuelling unprecedented progress in artificial intelligence (AI). However, this transformative phase must be seen in a broader context of geopolitical change, in which major powers – notably China and the United States (US), but also the European Union (EU), Russia, India and others – are actively striving to strengthen their foothold in the AI race. Their efforts are focused not only on improving their own capabilities but also on preventing or hindering rival nations’ access to and control of critical AI technologies.

What makes these AI-driven developments particularly interesting is the intricate interplay between digital and physical infrastructures. AI relies on an extensive network of data centres, advanced semiconductors, and critical raw materials, among other components. Additionally, private companies are at the forefront of AI innovation, with a select few firms controlling the largest clusters of AI processors, the best algorithms and the most advanced computers. Nonetheless, the centrality of AI to geopolitical competition has led governments to closely monitor progress and investment in this strategic sector, and to intervene heavily in market dynamics. As a result, AI inevitably raises pressing questions about the integration of software and hardware capabilities, the relationship between public and private entities and the ways in which nations compete in their quest for dominance over AI resources and expertise.

This workshop on 19 June 2025 in Brussels delved into these topics through four panels: 1) AI infrastructure and its ecosystem; 2) AI and Big Tech; 3) the geopolitics of AI; and 4) CODE meets AI.

Concept and Programme

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